Health Policy Issues for Women an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Health Policy Issues for Women The access and efficiency of quality healthcare is a debate of top priority in both medical and political systems. The debate has received major concern especially in the US due to the rising cost of healthcare, where only the rich can have access to efficient, quality health care systems. This has had a great impact in women, whose health needs are numerous compared to men, considering their (women) changing roles in the society. Maintaining a balance between work and family, for instance, is a tough responsibility for women. Understanding womens health policy issues is therefore fundamental for better management and improvement of health care systems. Need essay sample on "Health Policy Issues for Women" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Womens health policy issues are perse, ranging from family health to domestic violence. The importance of acknowledging womens health policy is that it provides policy-makers with up-to-date information and allows for interchange of ideas with experts in the field. Issues covered in womens health policy, apart from the aforementioned family health and domestic violence are such as: reproductive health; access to care; family and medical care; Medicare; women and insurance; women and HIV/AIDS; and last but not least, the challenges faced in coverage and access of health care. (Kaiser family foundation, 2008) Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment in time? Specialists suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here Cheap Custom Essays Essays Online For College Best Essay Writing Service Custom Essay Writing Company Family leave is a key topic in womens health policy, basically since women need family leave many times more than men do, due to their reproductive roles. Majority of mature women in most developed countries are working in public or private institutions and the house wife role of women where the husband was the sole bread winner in a family is obsolete. This has resulted in family leave policies becoming a major concern. The Family and Medical Leave Act provides that covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for one or more of the following reasons; for the birth and care of the new born child of the employee; for placement with the employee of a son or daughter for adoption or foster care, to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child or parent) with a serious health condition or to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition. (The US Department of labour, 2008) It is worrying that many people do not understand the importance of reproductive rights, which encompass issues such as safer sex, self esteem, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, sexuality and the media, sexuality education and sexually transmitted infections. However, many reproductive rights programs are on the rise. Their major objectives include: to ensure that participants understand the history of reproductive rights; to describe current threats to reproductive rights; to ensure that participants realize the importance of reproductive rights in womens lives and in the context of a democratic society; and last but not least, to identify ways to impact the future of reproductive rights. (Planned Parenthood, 2008) According to Medline Plus, domestic violence (also known as battery, partner abuse or spousal abuse) is a type of abuse which involves injuring someone; usually a spouse or partner, but it can also be a parent, child or other family member. Domestic violence is a major concern, since it is the most common cause of injury to women of ages 15 to 44. It is feared that the abuse could be more common than is actually known, because people often dont report it. Also worth noting is that it happens among people of all ages, and to people of all levels of income and education. (Medline Plus, 2008) Women and health insurance is a controversial issue with insurance firms and the print media. The controversy is in the fact that women pay more for health insurance. Top papers such as The ABC News, the New York Times and the NBC have criticized insurance companies in the recent past. In a report by Robert Pear, in the New York Times, women often fair worse than men in the inpidual insurance market, according to Senator Max Baucus. The insurers reason for charging different premiums is that women aged 19 to 55 tend to cost more than men because they typically use more health care, especially in the child bearing years. It is however disturbing why women still pay more than men for insurance that does not cover maternity care. (Pear R., the New York Times, 2008) A significant issue in womens health policy which has not received the attention it deserves is the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic to women. Originally seen as a disease affecting only gay men, it is worrying that not much improvement has been made since the late 20th century. Infected women were disadvantaged, as they failed to get information and support, since most services been established by men and for men. Moreover, doctors and other professionals were often unprepared for the particular issues that women would raise (Doyal L. et al, 1994). A major challenge facing health care in women is underfunding of Medicaid programs. This affects especially the poor, since Medicaid fails to cover a large percentage of them, although it is designed for them. It is worrying that as health care costs escalate, Medicaid under funding worsens and federal and state governments are not responding to the growing need for coverage for the poor, including prenatal care, a need unique to women and their children (Harrington C. et al, 2004) Women have a critical role in healthcare, where, for instance, they provide the most of the domestic unpaid healthcare in the society. This needs to be appreciated by improving their access to healthcare, sensitizing employers on family rights, improving insurance policies and improving the funding of programs. Effective measures need to be implemented in reforming the health care systems covering women. Reforms such as adopting private sector management practices need to be implemented to ensure that access of quality, inexpensive health care is achieved. References: Doyal L., Niadoo J., and Wilton T.: AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda Taylor & Francis, 1994 Harrington C., Estes C L., Crawf C., Health Policy: Crisis and Reform in the U.S. Health Care Delivery System Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2004 Kaiser Family Foundation Capitol Hill Briefing Series on Women's Health Policy. Retrieved December 15 2008 Medline Plus: Domestic Violence. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence.html Planned Parenthood: Reproductive Rights Program. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/northern-adirondack/reproductive-rights- 402.htm Robert P., New York Times: Women Buying Health Policies Pay a Penalty Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/us/30insure.html U.S. Department of Labor: Family and Medical Leave Act. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/fmla/

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology Enterprise Integration Methods It has been noted by some practitioners that over the last few years that there has been significant growth in the importance of enterprise integration. This fact is especially given the fact that many organizations are becoming increasingly reliant on information technology (IT) (Lam and Shankararaman 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This position suggests a need to ensure both business processes and technology systems are coordinated in a strategic manner. The increased reliance on IT provides a competitive edge though in some cases businesses require some level of IT to function. In the past organizations the required IT applications developed these as standalone systems. Such systems were often developed to address specific functional domains such as sales, marketing, personnel, manufacturi ng and billing (Lam and Shankararaman 2). The result of this individual approach to systems design resulted in several hundreds or even thousands of separate IT applications. As business evolved there emerged a need to integrate these separate IT applications to be evolved to support additional business requirements (Lam and Shankararaman 2). For example, the need to automate the transfer of customer details from a sales system to a billing system. For this reason integration of IT applications was expensive and time consuming. This piecemeal integration approach led to organizations facing problems owing to a massive application with several custom interfaces. The maintenance of such systems was expensive and thus created the interest for enterprise integration (Lam and Shankararaman 2). Enterprise integration can be defined as strategic consideration of processes, methods, tools and technologies associate with the achievement of interoperability both within and external to the ent erprise with the goal of enabling collaborative business processes (Lam and Shankararaman 2). This integration is not only about technology but also considers business processes that cut across business applications. For this reason enterprise integration is business driven. Enterprise integration involves process, service, application, data and presentation integration. There are a number of approaches that have been suggested for enterprise integration including batch, point-to-point, broker-based and business-process integration (Lam and Shankararaman 13).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More GERAM In response to the need for enterprise integration a variety of integration approaches have come in to existence. Among these is the Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology also known as GERAM. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture inclu ding tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. The general approach used in the framework suggests previously published architecture can maintain identity while identifying through GERAM (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The GERAM framework is meant to unify methods from various disciplines such as management science, industrial engineering, etc., making them useful as a unit (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The most noteworthy aspect of the GERAM model is the fact that it provides the ability to unite enterprise integration efforts. This is due to the fact that GERAM allows for integration of models based on products with those based on business processes (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). ZACHMAN EAF This approach was des igned by John Zachman in the 80’s and focuses on the architectural framework based on several functional components (Radaideh and Al-Ameed 48). This model is based on a two dimensional framework and suggests the problem of enterprise integration can be tackled by separation of concerns. The use of the two dimensional framework allows the decomposition of the problem into a number of distinct partitions. Once this decomposition has been achieved it becomes possible to address the finer issues in relation to a specific partition (Hesselbach and Herrmann 544). This framework was designed to describe any idea that difficult to understand. The model is widely used for enterprise architecture modeling and consists of a 6X6 matrix (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545). Through this framework it is possible to capture different aspects of a given sustainability standard. Each cell in the model contains a description of what information should be captured and how it should be expressed. For t his reason models in separate cells can exist independently though this does not infer they have no relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to its compartmentalized approach this framework is widely used for documentation and/or development of enterprise wide information system architecture (Wout, Waage, Iartman, Stahlecker, and Iofmann 162). The use of traditional practices used in architecture and engineering form the basis for this framework. As a result of such a background, the framework’s vertical axis adds many perspectives in relation to the overall architecture. On the other hand, the horizontal axis of the framework classifies artifacts related to the architecture. The framework targets the creation of wholesome independent artifacts which in turn contribute to the completion of the whole integratio n process (Wout et al., 162). FEAF This approach was originally developed to integrate the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) with various to enable various Federal Organizations and their respective architectures (Saha 3). It was initially designed as a business based framework that would facilitate efforts to transform the U.S. Federal Government to one that is citizen based, results oriented and market based. This framework is supposed to provide an approach for identification, development and specification of architecture descriptions of high priority areas. The establishment of such a framework gives consideration to core components such as architecture drivers, strategic direction, and target architecture, among others (Saha 3). These components were found important to the development and maintenance of the FEA. The FEA target is the creation of a Meta architecture framework that will allow interoperability between independently developed, maintained and managed architectur es (Goikoetxea349). The framework defines expected principles that govern interoperability, conformance and migration that are used across the Federal government. It is believed that through this FEAF mandate the Federal government can promote sharing of information, encourages development of enterprise frameworks within FEAF guidelines and promotes efficiency (Goikoetxea349). This approach comes with a number of advantages such as economies of scale through sharing of services, improved consistency and ease in capture and dissemination of elements (Goikoetxea349). DODAF This approach also seeks to standardize the methods and processes modeling of large government based organizations. Just as FEAF serves the US Federal government, this approach targets the Department of Defense (Blokdijk 24). This framework seeks to integrate systems such as those concerned with weapons, information systems dealing with procurement and deployment, consolidation of various sub agencies, unification o f organizational goals and conducting global operations based on a single command system (Blokdijk 24).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that such tasks are often large and complicated there is a need to have in place a defined systems framework to promote cohesion throughout the organization. The system is unique in that it offers a variety of architectural views that complement all major initiatives of the organization (Blokdijk 24). The architecture is designed to serve military operations as well as civilian operations. The framework provides a set of standards, specifications and technologies that strongly promote inter agency cooperation and seamless teamwork. The framework is based on the premise that any architecture can be described in three views namely, systems view, operational view and technical view (Goikoetxea 287). The operational view describes the participants and the information they may require to exchange. The systems view describes hardware and software requirements needed to complete the operations. The technical standards view lists the interface standards and other rules that the system must satisfy (Goikoetxea 288). The architecture is built on the philosophy that architectures should be built with their purpose in mind. In addition to that, architectures should facilitate and note impede communication between people. It is also based on the principle that architectures should be readable and allow integration of multiple architectures. Lastly it is believed that all architectures should comply with the framework sufficiently to enable the achievement of the first three principles (Goikoetxea 288). Based on these above principles architecture description according to DODAF is a six step process. The first step is to determine the use of the intended architecture. The second step is determination of the scope of the architecture. The third step is determination of characteristics to be captured. The fourth step is the determination of views and products to be constructed. The fifth step is construction of recommended products. The final step is the use of the arch itecture for the intended purpose (Goikoetxea 289). Conclusion In the course of this report several approaches to Enterprise Integration have been discussed. The main reason that Enterprise Integration has become a matter of concern has been traced to the increased reliance on Information Technology by many businesses around the world (Lam and Shankararaman 1). In light of this position it becomes apparent that there is a need to integrate these standalone systems to better facilitate information exchange. In the attempts to integrate enterprises some government agencies such as the US Federal Government and the Department of Defense have established frameworks to facilitate integration (Blokdijk 24). Whereas such frameworks have been established and can be used by both government agencies and civilians, they come with the disadvantage that they also suggest the creation of additional enterprise integration frameworks (Goikoetxea 289). This position is not very favorable given that the proliferation of frameworks appears to mimic the scenario that saw the proliferation of thousands of standalone systems. Given that proliferation of enterprise integration frameworks does not appear a suitable solution it appears there is a need for a generalized framework which can serve the needs of all users. For this reason it would appear that the development of GERAM is a suitable and lasting solution to the problem. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture including tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. Bernus, P., L. Nemes, and G. Schmidt. Handbook on Enterprise Architecture. Berlin: Springer, 2003. Print. Blokdijk, Gerard. Enterprise Architecture 100 Success Secrets â€⠀œ 100 Most asked Questions on Enterprise Architecture Definition, design, Framework, Governance and Integration. Brisbane: Emereo Pty Ltd., 2008. Print. Goikoetxea, Ambrose. Enterprise Architectures and Digital Administration: Planning, design and assessment. Danvers, MA: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Print. Hesselbach, J., and C. Herrmann. Glocalized solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Lam, Wing Hong, and Venky Shankararaman. Enterprise architecture and integration: Methods, Implementation and Technology. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Radaideh, M. A., and H. Al-Ameed. Architecture of Reliable Web Applications Software. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing, 2007. Print. Saha, Pallab. Handbook of Enterprise Systems Architecture in Practice. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Wout, Jack, Maarten Waage, Herman Iartman, Max Stahlecker, and Aaldert Iofmann. The Integrated Network Architecture expla ined: Why, What, How. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Appendix Appendix A: Zachman Framework (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545).

Contrasting Views of Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contrasting Views of Childhood - Essay Example Contrasting Views of Childhood The year 1800 appeared with Britain and the rest of Europe already poised for new adventures. Industrialization had set in and French revolution was lulled into an uneasy calm only a few months ago, with the adventurer Napoleon now at the helm of French affairs. It is foolish to presume that the revolution did not have far reaching affect over the rest of the world politics and ways of thinking. Started with stunningly creative thoughts it was a great struggle for coherent voice of mankind; but unfortunately went out of control by destroying the very best crop of intellectuals of the day and the bloodbath that accompanied it horrified the rest of Europe and the World. Monarchies were at the edge; political changes were sweeping across the continent, social adjustments were urgently called for and with the industrialization and improvements, discoveries in science and technology, economy of Europe was entirely at an unpredictable path. In Britain, Romantic Literature and Arts were loo ming large, admired for its tranquillity and serenity far removed from the disquieting turbulence of the political, economic and social scene. Thinkers declared that being a child in those violent years was a terrifying experience. For the first time in its history, Europeans were venturing into far off colonies, in search of adventure and wealth as sailors, soldiers and administrators. Mobility had become the keyword and noble class was realising that titles without achievements are after all, insufficient for personal glory and wealth. This brought out a dedicated and noble yield of leaders belonging to the educated class, coming mainly from the nobility. This also means that the priority of children's education and upbringing was altered immensely. Priorities of the coming generations have changed and people in Europe were hoping their children to adorn better positions than they themselves did. Lower class aspired their children to work in industries connected with new discoveries, innovations and technological developments, whereas the middleclass mainly wanted their children to join the all important navy, ruling the waves across the world, and the noble and affluent class wanted their children to be educated and fill up administrative posts at home and in the exciting lands of colonies, that were being accumulated in vengeful competition by the European powers. Simultaneously the middle and upper classes hoped their children to be brilliant artists, glorious soldiers, scientists, engineers, adventurists, discoverers, diplomats, leaders in many new spheres, economists, writers, generals, decision makers and to put it succinctly, a ttain places of importance, glory and

Human Resource Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Case Study Example This paper has a recommendation on the best strategy that the business organization needs to employ in China, for purposes of achieving success. In trying to analyze the market performance of Dairy Queen, this paper looks at three management theories; namely contingency, systems and chaos theories. This paper analyzes the marketing department of Dairy Queen, for it is the one which is responsible for the sales that occur in China. Dairy Queen is a chain of fast food restaurants that are under the ownership of International Dairy Queen Inclusive (Douglas, 2012). The company began its operations in 1940 in the state of Illinois. By 1947, the company had over 100 stores, and as of 2010, Dairy Queen has more than 5700 stores all over the world. The largest store of the company is found in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, while the store that records the highest sales is found in Canada. The company is a pioneer of fast food franchising, and it believes in the exploitation of the emerging markets (B enner and Nelson, 2012). China is an example of such an emerging market. On this basis therefore, this paper tries to explore its marketing strategies in China, and examine the reasons as to why they failed. The Story: On 10th of February 2012, Dairy Queen opened its 500th store in Hu Dong, the financial capital of Shanghai. Dairy Queen first joined the Chinese market in 1991 by opening a branch in Beijing. Ever since entering the Chinese market, the company has experienced growth in terms of its profitability, and market share. China presents the largest market for its ice cream products. The company charged with the responsibility of operating Dairy Queen Franchise products is referred to as Shanghai Shida Catering and Management Company (Benner and Nelson, 2012). On this basis therefore, Dairy Queen operates in China as a franchise. In regard to this therefore, in order to penetrate the Chinese market, Dairy Queen resorted to building strategic alliances with local company. An ex ample is the Shanghai Catering Company. John Gainor, the President of Dairy Queen international agrees with this position, and denotes that it is the major contributor of its successes in the Chinese market (Douglas, 2012). However, it is important to denote that despite the successes of Dairy Queen in capturing a segment of the Chinese market, it is not the number one ice cream consumption company in China. Dairy Queen faces stiff competition from companies such as Nestle, Walls, Haagen Daz, and Baskin Robbins. It is important to denote that Haagen Daz is one of the biggest ice cream consuming companies in China (Lewis and Packard, 2012). Dairy Queen also fails to compete effectively with the Chinese domestic companies in the low end market areas. The Ice Cream consumption habits of the Chinese are dependent on their ability to afford consuming them at luxurious cafes (Aoki, 2012). Majority of the Chinese cannot afford to buy these products at such luxurious cafes, and hence their desire for ice cream products from their local companies. This is because they are affordable, and tailored to meet their needs. On this basis, if Dairy Queen needs to capture this market, which is the largest, then it has to revise its marketing strategies (Kotler and Keller, 2012). It has to develop products that satisfy the needs of both the high end, and the low end consumers. The Three Theories: There are three main theories that will

Should the U.S. behave as the world's policeman Research Paper

Should the U.S. behave as the world's policeman - Research Paper Example The percentage that supported that countries should take part in worlds affairs in 2004 was 79%, while in 2005, it declined to 72% (â€Å"US Role in the World,† americans-world.org). In 2003 and later in 2006, Pew Research Centre asked a similar question where a respondent was expected to disagree or agree with, either completely or mostly. The response in 2006 was 86% as it had declined from that of 2003, which was 90% (Duffield and Dombrowski 137). United States and Britain’s invasion in the war that was in Iraq without authorization from United Nations Security Council was opposed with 72% votes, while those in support were 25% (Duffield and Dombrowski 139). 2. Whether the United States should behave as the world’s policeman Over the years, the United States has been involved in many peace making operations, whose aims have ranged from overthrowing dictators to hunting down bandits. For example, the peace operation in Libya, which was to over throw Ali Ghadafi of Libya, who was a dictator for forty two years (Ruschmann and Marzilli 28). In the1980s, Bush had rejected the idea of the United States being a world policeman, but in the end of the cold war, he saw that the United States was the remaining super power and thus, he took it as the responsibility of the United States to lead the world, but the United States was faced by a lot of problems in their quest to lead (Cameron 17). There are those who support the United States, but there are countries who feel that that the United States should mind its own business. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages when the United States is involved in worlds affairs. The advantages are such as the fact that they are involved in peacemaking missions, preventing terrorism, spreading democracy, they have a responsibility of feeding the world’s hungry, and improving the lives of people in affected areas. In as much as it has those positive effects there negative consequences that co me with its involvement in the world’s affairs, such as, it has led to destruction of property and, rejection of international treaties and underdevelopment in Third World countries. Positive effects of the United States involvement in world affairs include: Improving lives in general: The United States has a foreign policy that allows foreigners from underdeveloped countries like African nations, or countries experiencing instabilities in any aspect like Iraq, Afghanistan, and Israel, to be absorbed into the nation. Once they are absorbed, they are offered jobs and the income they earn is able to improve their lives and those of their nations (Metcalfe 397). Preventing the spread of terrorism: The United States has a powerful military force with modernized equipments, and this makes it one of the superpowers in the world. In countries like Iraq, Israel, and Afghanistan, the United State has been on the fore front in collaboration with the United Nations in peacemaking missio ns. They have selflessly deployed their American troops in the affected areas; this shows that the United States is willing to risk the lives of their troops in order to carry out these roles (Holyk 266). Responsibility in feeding the world’s hungry: In collaboration with the United Nations, the United States has been involved in providing food to refugees, who have been rendered homeless by wars in their countries.

Omissions In A Ticket Issuing System

Omissions In A Ticket Issuing System The ticket issuing system does not offer many of the services to facilitate the purchase of tickets. A number of ambiguities and omissions have been found from the given scenario. The scenario given is not clear enough and looks like quite uncertain about the instructions to purchase a ticket. Even the payment procedures do not offer the user to choose the type of payment. The ambiguities and omissions found in the scenario are as follows: The system does not allow customers buy more than one ticket for the same destination at a time. It must prompt the user if the ticket can be purchased one at a time. Customer is more likely to input incorrect destinations and the system should allow user to cancel a request and purchase another ticket. After having input the destination the system will ask the customer to pay and would ask about which type of payment the user prefers. In this case, the system does not indicate as to how to respond if an invalid card is input. It must be able to respond and prompt the user if they try to put their card before selecting a destination. Do the customer need to press the start button if they wish to buy another ticket to a different destination. Or it allows customers with the choice of selecting other destinations between the stations where the machine is located. Ticket system is going to allow customers to input their destination through a touch screen or keyboard. The existing system does not allow the user to view the ticket prices. It is vital to publish the ticket prices accordingly, as customers need to know the amount that they will be charged. It does not show the train departure and arrival times, and whether the customer wishes to buy ticket for a specific train. It must allow customers to choose their seats. Finally, the system should prompt customer to print the receipt which includes the destination details and payment type. A receipt should have been issued to state whether the purchase has been made successfully. In the first paragraph, the system does not check for validation, such as when the user inserts their card, and the validity needs to be checked as to whether the payment could be made form that particular card. According to the second paragraph, when the user clicks on the start button, a menu of potential destinations pop up on the screen, along with a message asking the user to select a destination. Once a destination has been selected, users are prompted to input their credit card. However, the credit cards validity is checked and if the card is good, then user has ed to input a personal identifier as requested by the machine. The ticket is issued when the credit cards transaction has been validated successfully. In the second paragraph, the ticket system prompts the user with potential destinations whereas it could have provided with popular destinations. In such terminals popular destinations are normally displayed to help the user to select his destination quickly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Usually an Underground or an Over ground cover any destinations which can be reached by interchanging and taking number of trains therefore the user should be able to purchase ticket in order to reach any destination. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It could have also provided the user with a choice to search from a list of A-Z of stations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As mentioned before that there should be two types of payment methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The validation procedure involves both: validating the card as to whether the card is still valid in terms of not cancelled by the issuer due to fraud lost/stolen reasons. The second type of validity is the PIN validity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If both validations are successful then the issuer must authorise the payment in order to purchase the ticket. 2. Solutions identified To gain a clear and better understanding of the scenario, a more structured approach has been written as follows: User walks to a ticket machine and presses any button to activate a menu which displays a list of popular destinations accompanied by a message to select a destination. User can select their destination if listed in the popular destination; otherwise they can choose to search for their destination from a list of stations in the A-Z of stations. As user finds their desired destination they then can choose to have their preferred type of ticket, this can be such as: first/standard class ticket and/or return/single ticket. Once the destination and the type of ticket is selected the ticket machine prompts the user to make payment. There are two types of payments can be made, likely by card or cash. If the customer chooses to pay by cash, and it can be inserted into the machine in the form of notes or coins. If the exact amount is paid the ticket will be issued, if more than required is paid then the change will be given along with the ticket. If the customer chooses to pay by card as requested by the system, user can insert the card into the terminal. As the card is being inserted the validity of that card is checked with the issuer. Once the card is validated the user is then required to check the amount and enter the PIN in the terminal. The PIN is validated locally and upon correct entry of the PIN the ticket is issued along with the receipt and the cardholders account is charged accordingly with the correct amount. The aim of writing a structured approach gives a more clear understanding of the scenario and shows the events happen as a sequence. 3. User requirements definitions The User Requirement Specification specifies the requirements of the user taking the individual aspects into consideration in terms of ; the facility, equipment, and systems in terms of function, throughput, operability, and applicable standards, which are the functions to be carried out, the data on which the system will operate, and the operating environment. The user requirements for a system should describe the functional and non functional requirements so that they are understandable by system users without any technical knowledge. When we write the user requirement we should not write with technical forms, table or diagrams. We should write in simple language with simple table, forms and diagrams. 4. System Requirements Specifications System requirements specification assist potential users to determine if the system specified meets their needs or how the system must be modified to meet their needs. The system requirements help to consider all of the requirements before design begin. Careful reviews of the requirements reveal omissions, misunderstanding and inconsistencies. System requirements specification should be correct, unambiguous, complete, consistent, verifiable, modifiable, and traceable, specify performance, and define detailed functionality of the system. A specification can be in form of a written document, a set of graphical model, a formal mathematical model, and a collection of usage scenarios, prototype, or any combination of these. However, a standard template should be developed and use for a specification, arguing that this leads to requirements that are presented in a consistent and therefore more understandable manner. The requirement engineer gives final work product produced which is known as specification. It acts as the foundation for subsequent software engineering activities. It describes all the related functions and the performance of a computer based system and the constrains that will govern its development. In the given scenario, we would consider all the omissions and ambiguities. First of all, the system did not provide all the functionality which usually a ticket issuing system should contain. It does not function as it should and does not provide the user with any choice such as to cancel a ticket and buy another one. At times, there are new users who wish to purchase rail ticket from the machine and this system does not guide and provide any kind of help. Function: Issuing Ticket Description: Issuing the ticket when the user select their desired tickets and make the correct money Inputs: Destination, child or Adult, Pay by card or cash Output: Their desired ticket to be issued with their payment receipt Require: Money, form of payment Pre- Condition: Ticket will be validating between the user current place and the selected destination, otherwise user will have to pay the penalty fare. 5. Actions performed in the ticket-issuing system 6. Non-functional requirements The non functional requirements define system properties and constrains for an example reliability, response time and storage requirement. Constraints are I/O device capability, system representation, extra. Process requirement may also be specified mandating a particular CASE system, programming language. This non functional requirement may be more critical than function requirements. If these are not met the system is useless and the non functional requirement can be classified as three type of requirement 6.1 Product requirement these requirement specify that the delivered product must behave in a particular way for example execution speed, and reliability The user interface for Library system shall be implemented as simple HTML without frames or Java applets 6.2. Organisational requirements which are a consequence of organisational policies and procedures example for these, process standard used, implementation requirements The system development process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SP-Stan-95 6.3. External requirements these could be from factors which are external to the system and its development process example interoperability requirements, legislative requirements. The system shall not disclose any personal information about customer apart from their name and reference number to the operator of the system After we discussed with all above mentioned Non-functional requirements, therefore we considered the product requirements should be determined for especially this scenario which include reliability and response time and should be contrasted with functional requirements that specify specific behavior or functions. And the product requirements have some additional attributes which are Efficiency Enable the system to perform under different situation or circumstance Reliability This could be very useful for ATM or ticket issuing system Usability This would help the user to access the system without any trouble or inconvenience Performance This is almost relevant to reliability and check the system is able to work or not in the different environment Space Requirement This part of product requirement is very useful for the ticket issuing system when the system is busy or full occupied with user needs. So there it is need to be expanded or stabilized number of machine at the station 8. Requirements Validation Process requirements validation is an integral part of software engineering. The main activity is to check requirements needed and available to start any particular project. As a consequence of requirements engineering however, the work products produced need to undergo an assessement for quality during a validation sequence. The purpose of requirements validation is to examine the specification to ensure that all software requirements have been stated unambiguously, such as consistencies, omissions, and error detected and corrected and that work products conform to the standards established for the process, the project and the product The primary requirements validation mechanism is the formal technical review. The review team that validates requirements includes software engineers, customers, user and others stakeholders who examine the specification looking for errors in content or interception, area may be clarification required. The process of requirements needs to check for consistency and completeness. During this process errors and inconsistencies will be identified and reduces future error. Basically the system should have requirement validation checklist which would help to the system to identify the accurate information which Are requirement started clearly and Can they be misinterpreted? Is the source of the requirement identified e.g. a person, a regulation, or a document and the final stamen been examined by the primary source? Is the requirement bounded by any quantities terms? What other requirements match to this requirement? Does the requirement violate any system domain? Properties of requirements validation are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Validity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consistency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Completeness In order to validate the ticket issuing system requirements all the above properties of the requirements validation must be met. And when the user pay by card the system should validate whether it is valid for making the particular payment and validate the pin no which has accepted or not therefore the validation must work out with final product it could be ticket or receipt 10. The impact on cash payment After having input the payment type which is cash, in this instance the customer may not have the exact amount to make the payment. If the user is making payment with a note, the machine should prompt the customer to take his change. However, the machine could also have displayed the amount to be charged and change to be given to the customer.

Success And Determination As Shown In Eyes Of The Dragon :: essays research papers

Determination in life is often viewed as an excellent quality for people to obtain and practise. The novel Eyes of the Dragon gives three prime examples of the process of determination in relation to everyday life. Determination to obtain a material object or position is often rewarded with success. Determination when used for others will often gain admiration and respect. Being determined to escape a dangerous situation may be the catalyst between life and death. Although it may be easier to stay in a comfort zone and remain apathetic, success in life depends upon the degree to which individuals are willing to take risks for self and others. Success can be measured by the rate or degree people are determined to accomplish their goals. Peter, his friends and Flagg all had different levels of perseverance which determined their ultimate success. Throughout the novel Eyes of the Dragon Flagg the magician is determined to gain control of Delain. Although he did not achieve this goal he had many methods to try and achieve this goal. Because Flagg had not taken enough precautions to ensure his success, Peter was able to rise up and make a determination to escape from his imprisonment. Through hardships Peter was able to overcome adversity and with each one gained determination to escape from his hellish stay atop the needle. Without this determination to risk death, he would have most likely died earlier than he would have had he escaped. After Peter?s daring escape, he and his friends were determined to go after and kill Flagg for his crimes against humanity so as not to let his actions continue. It was Peter's determin ation that his friends admired that ultimately decided his fate when his friends were inspired to help him escape and kill Flagg. Human determination will be the ultimate decision between success and failure throughout their entire lives. It is only by the strongest of will and determination that result in the inheritance of the treasures of human development.