Loneliness and despair in the novella Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 813 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men is an Oscar-winning novella that was published in 1937. John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, California. He attended Stanford University but never graduated. John Steinbeck went to New York in 1925 and established himself as a freelance writer. Later he failed and returned to California. The novella takes place during the Great Depression. The Novella, Of Mice and Men has a recurring theme of loneliness throughout the characters Crooks, Curleyrs wife and Candy. Crooks is the only African American man in the ranch. He had a humped back and he is isolated from others in the ranch. Crooks is prohibited from sleeping and staying inside of the bunkhouse with the other workers because of his race. He has to stay in a small room attached to the barn on his own. Crooks personality is described in the novella by being bad-tempered or argumentative, like in the story, he treats Lennie badly as Lennie enters the room. One may discover by closely reading the novella that his personality is only a result of the grief and loneliness that is portrayed onto him. After Lennie is upset Crooks reveals his inner feelings by saying, Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunkhouse and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? Spose you had to sit out here an read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books aint no good. A guy needs somebody to be near him. (Steinbeck, 80). The state ment that Crooks reveals is not only demonstrating the isolation and loneliness that crooks went through on a daily basis but also the theme of friendship and camaraderie. Crooks thinks and believes that someone must have the opportunity to form friendships and interact with others in order to thrive, as he says in the novella, A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. I tell ya I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. (Steinbeck, 80). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Loneliness and despair in the novella Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order Curleyrs wife is also a significant portrait of loneliness because she is the only women on the ranch. There is no other woman for her to communicate and relate to. She is demonstrated to be isolated and lonely in the novella by giving her no name, to show how insignificant she is to her husband and to the other men in the ranch. She also seeks attention and communication from the other men in the workplace, although she usually seeks in a wrongful manner. She will show that she is the only woman on the ranch and showing that he is attractive. Curleyrs wife is described, she had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. (Steinbeck, 31). She also positions herself in a seductive manner, She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. (Steinbeck, 31). Even though she physically intrigues the other men on the ranch they are too afraid of what Curley would do so they try to not talk or look in her direction. They try not to respond to her sexual looks, they leave her alone, which makes her feel lonely. One will believe that Candy was considered lonely after the men on the ranch kill his dog. Before the tragedy Candy seemed relatively happy and nice, in fact, he is very nice to George and Lennie when they first arrive on the ranch. Its not until the third chapter that Candy becomes lonely. Carlson, a ranch worker thinks that Candyrs dog is too old. He says that too put the dog out of misery Candy need to shoot him in the back of his head. Candy can not kill his dog and because Slim tell Carlson to do it, he takes the dog and kills him. The dog was obviously Candyrs best friends and losing him was very hard for Candy. The author, John Steinbeck, describes Candy by saying, For a moment he continued to stare at the ceiling. Then he rolled slowly over and faced the wall and lay silent. (Steinbeck, 49). Another symbol of loneliness is that the dog never got a name. Steinbeck didnt choose the name candys dog for more of a sad effect on the reader. Close to the end of the story, when Candy is put back into loneliness he finds out that Lennie is the one that has killed Curleyrs wife. In conclusion, one may think that in the novella Of Mice and Men, Crooks, Candy and Curleyrs wife signify the theme of loneliness and despair. John Steinbeck developed the characters in a way that we would feel sorrow, misery or sadness for them. One may recommend this novella to someone that likes to read mystery and sad novels.

The Artificial Intelligence Program For Integrating...

The Artificial Intelligence Program for Integrating English Oral Practice and Writing Skills Abstract Oral language proficiency is highly essential for all language learners because it is eventually the skill they mostly use to express their observations, analysis, outlooks and views. Oral interactions remain the primary mode of discourse throughout the world. The development of oral language skill is of major importance for the second or foreign language learners. In addition, English writing course has been found to be one of the most difficult subjects for most ESL/EFL English teachers. Writing or speaking short sentences is a complicated assignment for them. Researchers and educators are still in the process of probing deep for the best heal for such problems. Online chat rooms and referential websites give ESL/EFL teachers a chance to enhance the use of written and oral language among the learners. This highly developing technology is celebrated as a boon to communicate in an authentic way. This article will focus on the application of artificial intelligence in languag e teaching and learning. The application of artificial intelligence is found useful not only in engineering and medical fields but also employed in language teaching. A large number of studies have shown that computers and Internet are effective media for language teaching and learning (Van Handle Corl, 1998; Sebastian, 2003). This paper will briefly introduce the history of artificial intelligenceShow MoreRelatedDISSERTATION21474 Words   |  86 PagesAND ST JOHN Exploring the use of authentic materials with young adult learners focused to learn vocabulary. Dissertation submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements for the University of Exeter B.Ed for Serving Teachers (Hons) English Language Teaching Beatriz Dà ­az de Contreras September 2003 BA/Bed Honours (Exon.) Abstract Although I have always liked to use authentic materials in class, I had never had the opportunity to make a survey and find out if there were realRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich ParisRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Write Your Course Title Free Essays

string(126) " he had shown his oppositions against such fundamental issues raised by the very constitution he would be expected to uphold\." The American Revolution is one of the most important eras in American history. It was the period that fashioned the American society and influenced the making of the constitution in readiness for the conceived independence. It refers broadly to the war fought by the 13 American states against his majesties army in a bid not only to reject the influence of the English parliament over American land but also to severe all forms of allegiance to Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Write Your Course Title or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many factors that led to the war yet it was clear that such recourse was inevitable due to the growing American society and the difference in ideologies between the leadership in American and that in Britain. One of the main issues that led to the war and consequent declaration of independence is the British imposition of higher taxes over the American Brits as passed by British parliament. Americans felt that since they did not have any representation within that parliament, then such a move was unconstitutional. The British needed to raise money and therefore decided that colonies must pay more as a cost of their upkeep by the British Empire. The American leadership tried to have those decisions lifted by appealing to the king since although hey did not recognize parliament authority over them, they still felt that they owed their allegiance to the king. However, the king did not intervene but instead called them rebellious and declared war on the. Another reason is the fact that the British Empire had made legislations restricting trade thus leading British traders to benefit more form trade than their American counter parts a move that was greatly resented. This in turn slowed growth in America and led to its leadership agreeing that a drastic measure was important to redress this situation. Another factor that led to the revolution was a shift in ideologies influenced by thinkers like Locke whose ideologies in liberalism led to the growth of a republican mood and a strong distaste to values that oppressed some while benefiting others. Furthermore, most felt that Britain was corrupt and unfair which fuelled a need to break away in order to establish a state that recognized certain rights of the people to decide the direction their country took. These and many more factors, including the Boston massacre led congress to declare America’s independence from British rule and thereby starting the American revolutionary wars. The war was won by the Americans with the help from the French armies and navy and later more help from Spain and the Netherlands (Cohen, 2004). Andrew Jackson’s popular brand of politics was a distinct break from the previous administrations. Why was it different? What was his legacy for both good and bad? Support your answer with specific examples. Andrew Jackson was the 7th president of the United States of America and the last to have been a captive of war. He has a rich history which together combined to make him one of the most important men in the American history. He was known for being a tough man both as an administrator and as an army commander. He was born third born of a family of Irish immigrants and was born in South Carolina. His birth of an immigrant family is simply another testament to the great opportunity that America is since it offers people, from all background the chance to realize their dreams; no matter how ambitious they might be. Jackson’s military carrier started when he was fourteen when he joined the army as a courier which saw him captured by the British and consequently lost his brother as a result of that imprisonment. He later went on to distinguish himself as a military commander rising to the rank of major general due to his heroic act in the Battle of New Orleans defending the country against British attack. It is clear from observing Jackson’s history that he was a very determined man and his endeavors earned him popularity among the people. In the 1824 elections he lost to Adams although he had won the popular vote but congress chose the former since the Electoral College could not decide on one man to lead the nation. This election might have called in question the prudence of an electoral system of elections that runs against the feelings and decisions of the majority and that installs a leader voted for by the minority. Such a move might be seen to be contrary to the fundamental pillars of democracy that America so holds dear and might even run contrary to the provisions of the constitution that guarantees certain rights to individuals. This is because the decisions of the majority should reflect the greater good and to have such a decisions quashed by a small group of citizens is simply not right. Traditional democrats including Jefferson differed greatly with jack son on several fronts. They opposed increased federal strength fearing that it might lead to a centralization of power by the federal government. They also opposed plans for the formation of a central bank to offer regulations to all other banks and in doing so preferred that states retain most powers over their affairs. They also opposed plans to have a large national army and navy. They also favored low tariffs probably one of the areas that Jackson concurred with an opinion greatly opposed by the federalists. Jackson found the Democratic party after he broke off from the one led by Adams after he lost the election to Adam. Unlike his former allies, he favored a strong army probably because he had a good military carrier. However, his controversial life was because of his support for slavery and the Indian removal which is a contradictory to the bills of right and the American constitution. It is curious to note that as president he would be expected to defend the constitution yet he had shown his oppositions against such fundamental issues raised by the very constitution he would be expected to uphold. You read "Write Your Course Title" in category "Papers" Nonetheless, the splinter Democratic Party he helped to make would come to dominate American politics for many decades to follow a trend that continues even to today (Ward, 1962). During the first half of the 19th century, America became increasingly industrialized. It is important to understand what the industrial revolution was in order to relate it to how it affected the American society in the early 19th century. The industrial revolution first started in Britain in the 18-20th century and there were great changes in the area of agriculture, transport, industry and manufacturing and in the transport sector. These changes were experienced in other parts of the world including America and they changed society completely. The initial stages of the revolution saw an end to manual and animal labor and an adoption of machines in farming and in other sectors. The pioneering industries included textile, transport and the mining and development of metal including iron. The industrial revolution in America set the country on a course to become the greatest economic power in the face of the planet with wealth and industries unmatched by none. There are many factors attributed to America’s rapid industrialization among them being presence of capital, vast resources that could be used in industries and the presence of fast and reliable transport system to aid in trade. Before the 18th century American relied on primitive agricultural methods for it’s agricultural out put. However, the revolution changed all this and great technological advancement led to better and innovative methods to farm lands and more advance machines to be used in the production of various outputs. This led to the growth of other sectors, creation of employment and an increase in the per capita income of the people fuelling growth in all sectors. There are many factors that are credited with accelerating the pace of industrialization in American during this period. Firstly, there was not adequate labor to work in the utilizations of the vast resources found in American pushing efforts to create machinery that would make work effective and easier. Secondly, America was endowed with many rivers that could be used to transport products and also as sites for building mills and many other industries. Other inventions that accelerated industrialization included the steam engine that made transportation faster and the cotton gin that brought huge profits to plantation owners. Another factor that helped greatly to increase trade in this period was the building of roads and canals to improve transport within the country especially to those states that were landlocked. The invention of the steam engine was used to manufacture steam boats that revolutionized travel. Furthermore, steam engines were used on trains which saw the building of a rail way line that connected various parts of the country easing movement of people and goods. The invention of thee telephone and telegraph would also prove to be a major factor contributing greatly to the development of service sectors like banks. Lastly the presence of oil in the country was a contributing factor since oil provided useful products in the homes for lighting and in industries for lubricating machines. It would later become even more useful with the invention of the combustion engine. The industrial revolution not only saw many Americans acquire land but also improved the way they farmed increasing their output greatly. This is because they stopped relying on manual labor and used machinery that helped them keep the soil fertile while reducing the cost of production. Industries provided jobs for people and led to growth of urban centers whereby companies were based and suburbs were people lived. The great technological developments continued in many sectors including arms which saw an improvement in the status of the army (Hudson, 1992). The causes of the Civil War are many and complex There are many causes of the American civil war but three reasons stand out as the major causes. The American civil war was fought during the period 1861-1865 and was caused by the secession of the southern Sates for the union. It pitted Jefferson Davies commanding the confederate forces against the union forces under the guidance of the president Lincoln. The first reason is the issue of slavery since many differed on the issue depending on which part of the country one came from. Most northerners were against slavery since they claimed that it went against the constitution that identified that all men are born equal and all had certain rights guaranteed them by the constitution. They therefore could not understand how people calling themselves Americans and subject to the same constitution could own other people and thereby contradict the constitution in such a blatant manner. In this regard they were agitating for an end to slavery a motion that was not well received in the south. The southern economy was dependent on agriculture and Southerners felt that they needed slaves to work on their large plantations. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president was the last straw for the southerners since they saw it as a clear move of bad things to come since Lincoln was one of the staunch supporters of the motion to abolish slavery. Lincoln and congress however tried to avert the problem by not formulating immediately a law ending slavery but instead drafted one stopping the spread of it. Southerners felt that if the growth of slavery was stopped hen slavery would die slowly and the effect would still be the same. Furthermore, Northerners gave States powers to hold referendum whereby citizens chose whether those states should keep slaves or not. Another factor that caused the civil war is the economic differences between the South and the north and the various legislations passed by Northern legislators to benefit them in the expense of Southerners. The North depended more on industries and service industry while the South depended largely on agriculture especially in cotton. This largely meant that need for labor in the form of slaves was increasing and this in turn polarized the two sides of the country against each other. Furthermore, most merchant ships form the south exported cotton and returned with finished products from Europe. Most of those products were similar to those made I the northern part and hence northerners felt that they should purchase from them and not import them . This led to the formulation of higher taxes on imports in order to force them to purchase them from their northern counterparts and this angered them since these products were more expensive. Another important factor that led to the civil war was the debate of whether to have a strong federal government since most in the south favored strong states with a weak federal government. They felt that they should have the power to make their own regulations and have the authority to veto federal laws that they felt were not good for their states. They also felt that they should have the right to secede from the union and form independent countries if their populace felt so. However, the president and the north saw this as rebellion and could therefore not grant them such a request (Catton McPherson, 2004). These reasons led to the Confederate states launch a secession war against the north for the right to self governance. As the war progressed Lincoln freed all the slaves held by the South a move aimed at strengthening support for the union and stopping Britain from intervening in the war. The end of the war saw a great period of reconstruction that saw great involvement by federal and state governments. With the end of the war came an end to slavery and an upholding of the constitutional provision that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. † We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness The issue of human freedom has been an important subject from time immemorial and hence the presence of the phrase â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† in the American constitution. There are several factors that led American leaders among them Thomas Jefferson to include this provision in the declaration for independence since their efforts to win America’s independence from Britain was motivated by a need for governance that respects the rights of the people. There are several factors that led America to fight for its independence but most of the included a need to stop British parliament from imposing its legislative authority over the American people. Most importantly was the act by British parliament to pass a law increasing tax over the American Britons a move that many felt was a violation of their sovereign rights since many felt that America owed its allegiance to he king but was not subject to legislations by the British parliament. Furthermore American leaders during the time preceding the declaration of independence felt that all people have certain natural rights which cannot be taken from them. These rights guarantee people certain rights conferred upon them which cannot be surrendered to the state and which allows men to decide their lives. Natural rights were argued from many schools of thought with religion playing a major part in leading to believe and adoption of the same in the constitution. Furthermore, natural rights could b traced to Britain whereby they were used to challenge the divine powers of kings and therefore remove kings who ruled unjustly. Therefore, the acts of Britain to dictate various laws upon the American public and levy taxes on them were considered to be breach of such rights since natural rights prohibited a party to gain while causing pain, harm or misery to the other. In this regard, the American constitution after independence went ahead to grant American citizens certain rights that could not be surrendered to the state and clarified that any law made in contradiction to these provisions would be void. This philosophy continued to grow and influence American society in years to come and this was evidence with the thirteenth amendment that abolished slavery. The issue of slavery was always a very controversial issue all over the world with many questioning the morality of some forcing others to work for them and be subject to their control. The Amendment was preceded by the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln during the civil war and was aimed at ruining the economy of those states which were trying to leave the union. As expected, the move won the Lincoln administration support from foreign nation especially the United Kingdom and diminishing the rebellious state’s chance of recognition. However, the proclamation only freed slaves from Southern sates and it became necessary to enact a law ending slavery in the whole country. In this regard, it became illegal for any person to force any person to involuntary servitude guaranteeing the rights of all citizens to liberty. However, the end of slavery was not the end of problems related to minor groups who were mainly blacks in the American society. They were treated as second rate citizens and they did not have most of the rights enjoyed by the white majority. Though they were no longer slaves they were forced to work under deplorable conditions for their white employers and the same time receive meager earnings as the price of their labor. They were not allowed to vote since they were considered minority citizens and most were even subjected to violence and were not given access to justice to redress these violations of the rights. The American constitution guarantees that all men are born equal and therefore guaranteed rights that cannot be denied them and this led minority groups to fight against such breach of constitutional guarantees. The situation escalated in the 20th century when segregation became widespread with black citizens not allowed to use white citizen’s facilities. These meant that minority groups were discriminated upon in employment, were not allowed in various establishments, and had separate schools with their white counterparts. This pushed these minority groups deep into poverty, a condition that will continue to be a big factor to the living stands of black people later on in the future. However, the 1900’s were an era of great civil movements that saw the granting of voting rights to all minority groups including women. The subsequent amendment to the constitution wanted to clarify that since the constitution clearly spelt that all people have certain unalienable rights, then any discrimination based on gender or race was contrary to the provisions of the constitution. Therefore, various governments continue to ensure that laws made do not infringe on the laws of individuals with the court reviewing laws and removing those that violate citizen’s rights. On the international arena, the adoption of the bill of rights have helped lead to more rights and freedoms for people all over the world (Vorenburg, 2001). References Catton, B. McPherson, J. (2004). The Civil War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cohen, S. (2004). British supporters of the American revolution, 1775-1783. Boydell press. Hudson, P. (1992). The Industrial Revolution. Oxford Publisher. Ward, J. (1962). Andrew Jackson. New York: Oxford Publishers. Vorenberg, M. (2001). Final freedom. New york: Cambridge university press. How to cite Write Your Course Title, Papers

Copyright And Privacy With Computer Ethic Essay Example For Students

Copyright And Privacy With Computer Ethic Essay ABSTRACT:Now the Internet grows at unprecedented rates, it has resulted in not only the increasing in the amount of available knowledge but also the increasing in the problems about the usage and distribution. The growth of www creates some new questions that older laws cannot answer. So the computer ethic has emerged Computer ethics is concerned with standards of conduct as they pertain to computers. Two pressing concerns in computer ethics are questions of copyright and privacy, all of which are discussion in detail in the following sections. Other problem exists as well, such as censorship, computer crime. Within the following content will include:1 Intellectual property has become more commonplace in the context of computer ethics during the past few years. Giving you what exactly does it refer to? And it encompasses creations of the human intellect and their protection,usually by copyright. 2 Introduce the intersection between copyright and the Internet. After the definitions of intellectual property and copyright, we will discuss the relationship of the copyright and the computer. What kind of works made available to the public on the Internet , how do you know when copyright ownership belongs to you and when it belongs to the other and how to use the copyright law to protect yourself. 3What are the privacy, why should you care? And give you some existing privacy protections. The apparent solution to the privacy on the internet is encryption. .In the end some suggestions will give you to protecting yourself. 4Conclusions. Computers present us not only with lots of new potential in technology or information, but also in ethics. Without a knowledge of computer ethics, you will not be fully equipped to enter the new world of online society and you will need to enter that world, whether you choose a career in art, programming, business, or anything else.So should know how to protect yourself. REFERENCE:

Health Policy Issues for Women an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Health Policy Issues for Women The access and efficiency of quality healthcare is a debate of top priority in both medical and political systems. The debate has received major concern especially in the US due to the rising cost of healthcare, where only the rich can have access to efficient, quality health care systems. This has had a great impact in women, whose health needs are numerous compared to men, considering their (women) changing roles in the society. Maintaining a balance between work and family, for instance, is a tough responsibility for women. Understanding womens health policy issues is therefore fundamental for better management and improvement of health care systems. Need essay sample on "Health Policy Issues for Women" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Womens health policy issues are perse, ranging from family health to domestic violence. The importance of acknowledging womens health policy is that it provides policy-makers with up-to-date information and allows for interchange of ideas with experts in the field. Issues covered in womens health policy, apart from the aforementioned family health and domestic violence are such as: reproductive health; access to care; family and medical care; Medicare; women and insurance; women and HIV/AIDS; and last but not least, the challenges faced in coverage and access of health care. (Kaiser family foundation, 2008) Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment in time? Specialists suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here Cheap Custom Essays Essays Online For College Best Essay Writing Service Custom Essay Writing Company Family leave is a key topic in womens health policy, basically since women need family leave many times more than men do, due to their reproductive roles. Majority of mature women in most developed countries are working in public or private institutions and the house wife role of women where the husband was the sole bread winner in a family is obsolete. This has resulted in family leave policies becoming a major concern. The Family and Medical Leave Act provides that covered employers must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for one or more of the following reasons; for the birth and care of the new born child of the employee; for placement with the employee of a son or daughter for adoption or foster care, to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child or parent) with a serious health condition or to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition. (The US Department of labour, 2008) It is worrying that many people do not understand the importance of reproductive rights, which encompass issues such as safer sex, self esteem, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, sexuality and the media, sexuality education and sexually transmitted infections. However, many reproductive rights programs are on the rise. Their major objectives include: to ensure that participants understand the history of reproductive rights; to describe current threats to reproductive rights; to ensure that participants realize the importance of reproductive rights in womens lives and in the context of a democratic society; and last but not least, to identify ways to impact the future of reproductive rights. (Planned Parenthood, 2008) According to Medline Plus, domestic violence (also known as battery, partner abuse or spousal abuse) is a type of abuse which involves injuring someone; usually a spouse or partner, but it can also be a parent, child or other family member. Domestic violence is a major concern, since it is the most common cause of injury to women of ages 15 to 44. It is feared that the abuse could be more common than is actually known, because people often dont report it. Also worth noting is that it happens among people of all ages, and to people of all levels of income and education. (Medline Plus, 2008) Women and health insurance is a controversial issue with insurance firms and the print media. The controversy is in the fact that women pay more for health insurance. Top papers such as The ABC News, the New York Times and the NBC have criticized insurance companies in the recent past. In a report by Robert Pear, in the New York Times, women often fair worse than men in the inpidual insurance market, according to Senator Max Baucus. The insurers reason for charging different premiums is that women aged 19 to 55 tend to cost more than men because they typically use more health care, especially in the child bearing years. It is however disturbing why women still pay more than men for insurance that does not cover maternity care. (Pear R., the New York Times, 2008) A significant issue in womens health policy which has not received the attention it deserves is the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic to women. Originally seen as a disease affecting only gay men, it is worrying that not much improvement has been made since the late 20th century. Infected women were disadvantaged, as they failed to get information and support, since most services been established by men and for men. Moreover, doctors and other professionals were often unprepared for the particular issues that women would raise (Doyal L. et al, 1994). A major challenge facing health care in women is underfunding of Medicaid programs. This affects especially the poor, since Medicaid fails to cover a large percentage of them, although it is designed for them. It is worrying that as health care costs escalate, Medicaid under funding worsens and federal and state governments are not responding to the growing need for coverage for the poor, including prenatal care, a need unique to women and their children (Harrington C. et al, 2004) Women have a critical role in healthcare, where, for instance, they provide the most of the domestic unpaid healthcare in the society. This needs to be appreciated by improving their access to healthcare, sensitizing employers on family rights, improving insurance policies and improving the funding of programs. Effective measures need to be implemented in reforming the health care systems covering women. Reforms such as adopting private sector management practices need to be implemented to ensure that access of quality, inexpensive health care is achieved. References: Doyal L., Niadoo J., and Wilton T.: AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda Taylor & Francis, 1994 Harrington C., Estes C L., Crawf C., Health Policy: Crisis and Reform in the U.S. Health Care Delivery System Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2004 Kaiser Family Foundation Capitol Hill Briefing Series on Women's Health Policy. Retrieved December 15 2008 Medline Plus: Domestic Violence. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence.html Planned Parenthood: Reproductive Rights Program. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/northern-adirondack/reproductive-rights- 402.htm Robert P., New York Times: Women Buying Health Policies Pay a Penalty Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/us/30insure.html U.S. Department of Labor: Family and Medical Leave Act. Retrieved December 15 2008 from: http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/fmla/

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology Enterprise Integration Methods It has been noted by some practitioners that over the last few years that there has been significant growth in the importance of enterprise integration. This fact is especially given the fact that many organizations are becoming increasingly reliant on information technology (IT) (Lam and Shankararaman 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This position suggests a need to ensure both business processes and technology systems are coordinated in a strategic manner. The increased reliance on IT provides a competitive edge though in some cases businesses require some level of IT to function. In the past organizations the required IT applications developed these as standalone systems. Such systems were often developed to address specific functional domains such as sales, marketing, personnel, manufacturi ng and billing (Lam and Shankararaman 2). The result of this individual approach to systems design resulted in several hundreds or even thousands of separate IT applications. As business evolved there emerged a need to integrate these separate IT applications to be evolved to support additional business requirements (Lam and Shankararaman 2). For example, the need to automate the transfer of customer details from a sales system to a billing system. For this reason integration of IT applications was expensive and time consuming. This piecemeal integration approach led to organizations facing problems owing to a massive application with several custom interfaces. The maintenance of such systems was expensive and thus created the interest for enterprise integration (Lam and Shankararaman 2). Enterprise integration can be defined as strategic consideration of processes, methods, tools and technologies associate with the achievement of interoperability both within and external to the ent erprise with the goal of enabling collaborative business processes (Lam and Shankararaman 2). This integration is not only about technology but also considers business processes that cut across business applications. For this reason enterprise integration is business driven. Enterprise integration involves process, service, application, data and presentation integration. There are a number of approaches that have been suggested for enterprise integration including batch, point-to-point, broker-based and business-process integration (Lam and Shankararaman 13).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More GERAM In response to the need for enterprise integration a variety of integration approaches have come in to existence. Among these is the Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology also known as GERAM. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture inclu ding tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. The general approach used in the framework suggests previously published architecture can maintain identity while identifying through GERAM (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The GERAM framework is meant to unify methods from various disciplines such as management science, industrial engineering, etc., making them useful as a unit (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The most noteworthy aspect of the GERAM model is the fact that it provides the ability to unite enterprise integration efforts. This is due to the fact that GERAM allows for integration of models based on products with those based on business processes (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). ZACHMAN EAF This approach was des igned by John Zachman in the 80’s and focuses on the architectural framework based on several functional components (Radaideh and Al-Ameed 48). This model is based on a two dimensional framework and suggests the problem of enterprise integration can be tackled by separation of concerns. The use of the two dimensional framework allows the decomposition of the problem into a number of distinct partitions. Once this decomposition has been achieved it becomes possible to address the finer issues in relation to a specific partition (Hesselbach and Herrmann 544). This framework was designed to describe any idea that difficult to understand. The model is widely used for enterprise architecture modeling and consists of a 6X6 matrix (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545). Through this framework it is possible to capture different aspects of a given sustainability standard. Each cell in the model contains a description of what information should be captured and how it should be expressed. For t his reason models in separate cells can exist independently though this does not infer they have no relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to its compartmentalized approach this framework is widely used for documentation and/or development of enterprise wide information system architecture (Wout, Waage, Iartman, Stahlecker, and Iofmann 162). The use of traditional practices used in architecture and engineering form the basis for this framework. As a result of such a background, the framework’s vertical axis adds many perspectives in relation to the overall architecture. On the other hand, the horizontal axis of the framework classifies artifacts related to the architecture. The framework targets the creation of wholesome independent artifacts which in turn contribute to the completion of the whole integratio n process (Wout et al., 162). FEAF This approach was originally developed to integrate the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) with various to enable various Federal Organizations and their respective architectures (Saha 3). It was initially designed as a business based framework that would facilitate efforts to transform the U.S. Federal Government to one that is citizen based, results oriented and market based. This framework is supposed to provide an approach for identification, development and specification of architecture descriptions of high priority areas. The establishment of such a framework gives consideration to core components such as architecture drivers, strategic direction, and target architecture, among others (Saha 3). These components were found important to the development and maintenance of the FEA. The FEA target is the creation of a Meta architecture framework that will allow interoperability between independently developed, maintained and managed architectur es (Goikoetxea349). The framework defines expected principles that govern interoperability, conformance and migration that are used across the Federal government. It is believed that through this FEAF mandate the Federal government can promote sharing of information, encourages development of enterprise frameworks within FEAF guidelines and promotes efficiency (Goikoetxea349). This approach comes with a number of advantages such as economies of scale through sharing of services, improved consistency and ease in capture and dissemination of elements (Goikoetxea349). DODAF This approach also seeks to standardize the methods and processes modeling of large government based organizations. Just as FEAF serves the US Federal government, this approach targets the Department of Defense (Blokdijk 24). This framework seeks to integrate systems such as those concerned with weapons, information systems dealing with procurement and deployment, consolidation of various sub agencies, unification o f organizational goals and conducting global operations based on a single command system (Blokdijk 24).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that such tasks are often large and complicated there is a need to have in place a defined systems framework to promote cohesion throughout the organization. The system is unique in that it offers a variety of architectural views that complement all major initiatives of the organization (Blokdijk 24). The architecture is designed to serve military operations as well as civilian operations. The framework provides a set of standards, specifications and technologies that strongly promote inter agency cooperation and seamless teamwork. The framework is based on the premise that any architecture can be described in three views namely, systems view, operational view and technical view (Goikoetxea 287). The operational view describes the participants and the information they may require to exchange. The systems view describes hardware and software requirements needed to complete the operations. The technical standards view lists the interface standards and other rules that the system must satisfy (Goikoetxea 288). The architecture is built on the philosophy that architectures should be built with their purpose in mind. In addition to that, architectures should facilitate and note impede communication between people. It is also based on the principle that architectures should be readable and allow integration of multiple architectures. Lastly it is believed that all architectures should comply with the framework sufficiently to enable the achievement of the first three principles (Goikoetxea 288). Based on these above principles architecture description according to DODAF is a six step process. The first step is to determine the use of the intended architecture. The second step is determination of the scope of the architecture. The third step is determination of characteristics to be captured. The fourth step is the determination of views and products to be constructed. The fifth step is construction of recommended products. The final step is the use of the arch itecture for the intended purpose (Goikoetxea 289). Conclusion In the course of this report several approaches to Enterprise Integration have been discussed. The main reason that Enterprise Integration has become a matter of concern has been traced to the increased reliance on Information Technology by many businesses around the world (Lam and Shankararaman 1). In light of this position it becomes apparent that there is a need to integrate these standalone systems to better facilitate information exchange. In the attempts to integrate enterprises some government agencies such as the US Federal Government and the Department of Defense have established frameworks to facilitate integration (Blokdijk 24). Whereas such frameworks have been established and can be used by both government agencies and civilians, they come with the disadvantage that they also suggest the creation of additional enterprise integration frameworks (Goikoetxea 289). This position is not very favorable given that the proliferation of frameworks appears to mimic the scenario that saw the proliferation of thousands of standalone systems. Given that proliferation of enterprise integration frameworks does not appear a suitable solution it appears there is a need for a generalized framework which can serve the needs of all users. For this reason it would appear that the development of GERAM is a suitable and lasting solution to the problem. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture including tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. Bernus, P., L. Nemes, and G. Schmidt. Handbook on Enterprise Architecture. Berlin: Springer, 2003. Print. Blokdijk, Gerard. Enterprise Architecture 100 Success Secrets â€⠀œ 100 Most asked Questions on Enterprise Architecture Definition, design, Framework, Governance and Integration. Brisbane: Emereo Pty Ltd., 2008. Print. Goikoetxea, Ambrose. Enterprise Architectures and Digital Administration: Planning, design and assessment. Danvers, MA: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Print. Hesselbach, J., and C. Herrmann. Glocalized solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Lam, Wing Hong, and Venky Shankararaman. Enterprise architecture and integration: Methods, Implementation and Technology. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Radaideh, M. A., and H. Al-Ameed. Architecture of Reliable Web Applications Software. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing, 2007. Print. Saha, Pallab. Handbook of Enterprise Systems Architecture in Practice. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Wout, Jack, Maarten Waage, Herman Iartman, Max Stahlecker, and Aaldert Iofmann. The Integrated Network Architecture expla ined: Why, What, How. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Appendix Appendix A: Zachman Framework (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545).

Contrasting Views of Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contrasting Views of Childhood - Essay Example Contrasting Views of Childhood The year 1800 appeared with Britain and the rest of Europe already poised for new adventures. Industrialization had set in and French revolution was lulled into an uneasy calm only a few months ago, with the adventurer Napoleon now at the helm of French affairs. It is foolish to presume that the revolution did not have far reaching affect over the rest of the world politics and ways of thinking. Started with stunningly creative thoughts it was a great struggle for coherent voice of mankind; but unfortunately went out of control by destroying the very best crop of intellectuals of the day and the bloodbath that accompanied it horrified the rest of Europe and the World. Monarchies were at the edge; political changes were sweeping across the continent, social adjustments were urgently called for and with the industrialization and improvements, discoveries in science and technology, economy of Europe was entirely at an unpredictable path. In Britain, Romantic Literature and Arts were loo ming large, admired for its tranquillity and serenity far removed from the disquieting turbulence of the political, economic and social scene. Thinkers declared that being a child in those violent years was a terrifying experience. For the first time in its history, Europeans were venturing into far off colonies, in search of adventure and wealth as sailors, soldiers and administrators. Mobility had become the keyword and noble class was realising that titles without achievements are after all, insufficient for personal glory and wealth. This brought out a dedicated and noble yield of leaders belonging to the educated class, coming mainly from the nobility. This also means that the priority of children's education and upbringing was altered immensely. Priorities of the coming generations have changed and people in Europe were hoping their children to adorn better positions than they themselves did. Lower class aspired their children to work in industries connected with new discoveries, innovations and technological developments, whereas the middleclass mainly wanted their children to join the all important navy, ruling the waves across the world, and the noble and affluent class wanted their children to be educated and fill up administrative posts at home and in the exciting lands of colonies, that were being accumulated in vengeful competition by the European powers. Simultaneously the middle and upper classes hoped their children to be brilliant artists, glorious soldiers, scientists, engineers, adventurists, discoverers, diplomats, leaders in many new spheres, economists, writers, generals, decision makers and to put it succinctly, a ttain places of importance, glory and